For reference

 Freckles (Ephelis, Ephelides, Freckles) is common in small brown facial pigmentation or brown spots, is autosomal dominant, especially in summer, heavy with the sun on the development of disease.
Etiology and pathology of freckles
etiology
is autosomal dominant genetic disease, the number of generations in a continuous place in parts of the same pattern as the freckles.
pathological changes in basal cell layer of melanin
increased, while the number of melanocytes does not increase at the lesion compared with adjacent normal melanocytes in the skin melanocyte dopa stained strongly positive, large melanocytes, dendritic protrusion length. In the freckles in the melanocyte As many, often has rod.
clinical
freckles freckles more common in women, childhood there, often after the age of 6 to 7 began to appear, to adolescents the most obvious. each in the summer,UGG boots clearance, the sun and skin lesions increased, reduce winter.
lesions is light yellow, tan or brown spots, were round, oval or irregular shape, such as the tip to the grain size. spots not fused,bailey UGG boots, no symptoms, found in exposed areas of skin, symmetrical occur, especially in the face of multiple, found in the nose, cheeks, arms and upper torso, but the palm of your hand, foot and there is no such mucosal damage.
differential diagnosis of freckles and freckle-like moles
should be identified, freckle-like mole Earlier, in 1 to 2 years old began to appear dense lesions in the neck, chest or other parts, but often the side of lesion at the darker, winter does not go away, the color depth from the sun's influence.
the occurrence of freckles and endocrine-related, treatment also needs to proceed from the endocrine treatment of oral medicine completely radical
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melasma, also known as liver spots, pregnancy spots, Hu Dieban,Discount UGG boots, occurred in the face of a pigmentation skin diseases, both men and women patients, more common in adult women, deep brown skin lesion is light brown patches, mostly butterfly distribution. melasma itself, although harmful to health, but impede the appearance.
1. because the causes of melasma
more complex, with the following factors:
(1) Endocrinology: in particular, the female hormone imbalance. The disease is common in unmarried women, pregnant women and oral contraceptives,UGG boots, pregnant women and more At the onset of 3m5 months after birth reduced gradually.
(2) disease factors: the ovary, pituitary, thyroid and adrenal glands and other endocrine disorders, the risk of some chronic diseases such as liver disease, chronic alcoholism, tuberculosis, hyperthyroidism, visceral tumor especially the female reproductive system, chronic diseases such as uterine annex inflammation, dysmenorrhea, menstrual disorders of female infertility prone to chloasma.
(3) physical factors: the risk of chronic wasting diseases such as tuberculosis, chronic bronchitis and inflammation, uremia , cancer and cachexia who often accompanied the disease.
(4) Solar factor: the sun contains large amounts of ultraviolet light, under normal circumstances, the skin's surface membrane cuticle, melanin to light a certain defensive role, so that Although a certain amount of skin by ultraviolet radiation rather than react, but excessive exposure to ultraviolet light can cause skin cells to a series of changes. In addition combined with facial skin exposed, vulnerable to sunlight. sun's ultraviolet induced tyrosine cover activity increased, thus promoting tyrosine into melanin, the chemical reaction the role of melanin in the epidermis caused by excessive calm, dermal melanocytes in the macrophages also contain more pigment, and sometimes a small amount of blood vessels and infiltration of lymphocytes around the hair follicles. < br> (5) nutrient deficiencies: Many scientists believe that the skin of melasma on the occurrence and trace elements and vitamins. melasma patients found by measuring the serum zinc, vitamin C, vitamin A, vitamin E content than normal women decreased significantly, while pregnancy and oral contraceptives in women serum copper levels were significantly increased and associated with pigmentation, confirmed that elevated serum copper and decreased serum zinc have a certain relationship with the pigment increased.