Normal heart rate: 75 beats per minute resting state
healthy adults, heart rate 75 beats per minute on average. Normal range 60-100 times per minute. Adult resting heart rate over 100 beats / min, for tachycardia; less than 60 beats / min were as bradycardia. Heart rate may be due to age, gender and other factors change, such as the temperature is increased by 1 ℃, heart rate, speed up 12-20 times / minute, heart rate than men, women slightly faster heart rate, slow heart rate of athletes may be less than 60 per minute inferior.
2. normal body temperature: 36.3 ℃ -37.2 ℃ (port measurement method)
oral temperature is usually clinical, rectal temperatures and axillary temperatures to represent the body temperature. Port measurement method (under the tongue for 5 minutes) normal to 36.3 ℃ -37.2 ℃; axillary measurement method (axillary clamping for 5 minutes) is 36 ℃ -37 ℃; anal measurement method (header coating lubricant into the anus 5 minutes) was 36.5 ℃ -37.7 ℃. In a day and night, the cyclical fluctuations in body temperature, usually the lowest at 2-6 early in the morning, afternoon, when the top 13-18, but the fluctuations of not more than 1 ℃. As long as the temperature does not exceed 37.3 ℃, even if normal.
3. hemoglobin (HbB): adult male (120-160 g / l), adult female (110-150 g / l)
clinical anemia with hemoglobin values Suketame basis for judging. Normal adult hemoglobin 90-110 g / l mild anemia; 60-90 g / l moderate anemia; 30-60 g / L is a severe anemia.
reasons or different types of anemia, anemia treatment different if it is found, should go to hospital for treatment of anemia in the clear cause (primary or secondary) and type (iron deficiency or megaloblastic), the re- Targeted therapy to refrain from buying their own line of blood health care products, so as not to delay treatment.
4. white blood cell count (WBC) :4-10 * (10 9 th) a / l
white blood cell count greater than 10 * (10 9 th) a / l said leukocytosis, less than 4 * (10 9 th) a / l, said leukopenia. Generally speaking, acute bacterial infection or inflammation, white blood cells can be increased; virus infection, white blood cells will be reduced. Cold, fever caused by viral infection, can also be caused by bacterial infection, is a clear etiology, clinical treatment, doctors usually let you go to check a blood count.
5. platelet count (PLT) :100-300 * (10 9 th) a / l
platelets function to maintain the integrity of the vessel wall. When the platelet count decreased to 50 * (10 9 th) a / l or less, particularly as low as 30 * (10 9 th) a / l, it may cause bleeding, there may be blood spots on the skin ecchymosis. Low platelets do not often appear on the skin, treatment, a clear reason.
6. urine :1000-2000 ml /
24 小时 24-hour urine volume> 2500 ml as more urine. Physiological polyuria or applications found in drinking too much after diuretics. Pathological polyuria seen in diabetes mellitus, diabetes insipidus, renal tubular disease.
24 小时 urine output <400 ml as oliguria, more common in drinking water is too small renal insufficiency, dehydration and so on.
24 小时 urine output <100 ml to no urine, common in renal failure, shock and other serious diseases.
If you feel the recent significant increase in urine volume, particularly thirsty, should go to hospital for examination, rule out whether they have diabetes or renal disease, if found themselves drinking a lot recently, but less than normal urine, the body still a little swollen, should be checked in time, rule out kidney disease.
7. 24 小时 nocturnal urine volume: 500 ml
enuresis refers to 8 pm to 8 am next morning the total urine output, usually 500 ml, urine 2-3 times. If the nocturnal urine volume of more than during the day, and significantly increased frequency of urination, a nocturnal increase. Nocturia increased with physiological water before going to bed too much about; pathological nocturia increased concentration of renal impairment often the performance is the early signs of renal dysfunction. In addition to renal dysfunction other than nocturia may also be an increase in prostate hyperplasia, uterine prolapse in older women, urinary tract infections, diabetes, mental stress and other reasons.
8. urinary red blood cell count (RBC) :0-3 normal / high power field
urine red blood cells> 3 / high power field, known as microscopic hematuria.
red blood cells in urine> 10 / high power field, called gross hematuria.
public medical advise: urine, if more than 3 red blood cell count, often prompted to kidney disease or urinary tract infection should seek medical treatment immediately to avoid the menstrual period women should check urine, blood mixed with urine in order to avoid affect test results.
9. Urinary white blood cell count (WBC) normal: <5 / high power field of urinary white blood cell count
if> 5 / high power field, said the microscopic pyuria. If a large number of white blood cells in urine, mostly for urinary tract infections, such as pyelonephritis, renal tuberculosis, cystitis or urinary tract infection. Mostly urinary tract infection,
10. Sperm survival time: 72 hours. Egg survival time: 24 hours.
unsafe rhythm rhythm problems encountered, in addition to ovulation wrong, there is the factor that can not be ignored: the sperm in the female body can survive for 3 days, so even than the day of ovulation, Just by being affected by pregnancy (4 days before ovulation to 2 days after ovulation), women are still likely to become pregnant.
11. Two blood group systems: ABO and Rh
ABO blood group system in the blood is divided into 4 types: A type, B-, AB-and O-. Rh blood group blood group system will be divided into two types: Rh-positive type and Rh-negative type. In Caucasians, 85% of Rh-positive blood type, Rh negative blood type 15%. In China, 99% of people are Rh positive blood type, Rh negative blood are rare.
AA: A, O; AB: A, B, O, AB; A-AB: A, B, AB; AO: A, O
BB: B, O; B-AB: A, B , AB; BO: B, O; O-AB: A, B
OO: O; AB-AB: A, B, AB AB type of a person if the two sides, the baby can not be O-. If both sides are O, then the baby can only be O-.
12. body mass index (BMI) = weight (kg) / height (meters squared) :18.5-23.9 is normal
If the body mass index over 24, that is too fat, you need to lose weight. Remember: Obesity is the source of all diseases, if left unchecked, diabetes, coronary heart disease high blood pressure will find you.
13. body mass index, the best weight loss rate: 1-2 kg weight loss per month
overweight people should lose weight gradually under the guidance of doctors. To lose weight too fast, too fast can cause weight rebound, anorexia, anemia, malnutrition, irregular menstruation, hair loss, memory loss, bone stretch their legs and other adverse reactions.
14. waist circumference: men ≥ 90 cm, women ≥ 80 cm for waist circumference, abdominal obesity
is to determine abdominal fat accumulation, several abdominal obesity (also called Abdominal obesity is now considered a coronary heart disease, important risk factors for metabolic syndrome. If you have not yet reached the degree of obesity body mass index, but waist circumference has been exceeded, that you belong to abdominal obesity. Abdominal obesity than body fat are more dangerous, more susceptible to coronary heart disease, diabetes, a
15. fat signal: 1.5 kg
month weight gain weight just started up in the The following conditions, often suggestive of trends in weight gain: a little movement out of breath, sense of powerlessness of fatigue, sweating at every turn, there lower back, hip and knee pain.
16. blood pressure: systolic blood pressure normal blood pressure range in the 90-140mmHg (12.0-18.7kpa) between the diastolic blood pressure 60-90mmHg (8.0-12.0kpa)
between ; higher than this range may be high blood pressure or borderline high blood pressure, lower than this range may be low blood pressure.
in the quiet of antihypertensive drugs is not the case with the measured blood pressure, at least three times and found that systolic blood pressure 140 mm Hg (or) diastolic blood pressure 90 mm Hg, can be diagnosed with high blood pressure. Systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mm Hg, but diastolic blood pressure
However, the latest standard of systolic blood pressure between one hundred and twenty to one hundred thirty-nine mm Hg, or diastolic blood pressure ranged from eighty to eighty-nine mm Hg people , has been regarded as likely to develop hypertension at high risk.
Hypertension is an important cardiovascular disease risk factors, high blood pressure should be applied under the guidance of doctors to antihypertensive drugs in the normal range of blood pressure control, diabetes, kidney disease, the best blood pressure control of 130/80 mmHg.
17. diagnostic criteria for diabetes: fasting blood glucose> 7.0 mmol / l, and (or) 2-hour postprandial blood glucose> 11.1 mmol / l
If you meet the above criteria, they have been in patients with diabetes should be under the guidance of glucose in the treatment of a doctor, do not because of diabetes, If you do not properly control blood sugar, 全身各器官 will be involved.
18. Diabetes exclusion criteria: fasting plasma glucose> 6.1 mmol / l, and (or) 2-hour postprandial blood glucose> 7.8 mmol / l
19. pre-diabetes diagnostic criteria: 6.1 mmol / l 11.1 mmol / l higher than normal blood glucose levels if
, but has not yet reached the diagnostic criteria of diabetes, that are in pre-diabetes , if not alert, do not actively intervene in, and soon will develop diabetes.
20. warning signs of diabetes: fasting plasma glucose> 5.6 mmol / l
when fasting glucose exceeds the standards, the incidence of diabetes will increase significantly, ischemic heart disease and other cardiovascular time and the incidence of diabetic retinopathy significantly increased.
fasting plasma glucose> 5.6 mmol / l who shall go hospital to check a glucose tolerance test (OGTT), to determine whether postprandial hyperglycemia because in the early stage of diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance phase, fasting blood glucose can be completely normal.
21. glycated hemoglobin ≤ 6.5%
normal glycated hemoglobin is hemoglobin within red blood cells and glucose combined with the product, to reflect the first three months of blood micro-billion pounds in a blood glucose level, is reflected in good blood sugar control bad most effective, most reliable indicators. Patients should be ≤ 7.0% glycated hemoglobin as a treatment for one of the standards compliance, the elderly can be slightly relaxed criteria (7.0% -7.5%), glycosylated hemoglobin of young people should be controlled at ≤ 6.5% or less. For every 1% decline in glycated hemoglobin, diabetes-related complications can be reduced by 20%.
22. the highest density of :30-40-year-old
every man the highest bone mineral density (peak bone mass) in a period of generally 30-40 years old, by nutrition after birth, developmental and genetic factors, high and low peak bone mass. Men generally start at age 40, women are starting from 35 years of age, peak bone mass began to decline 5 years post-menopausal women, men after the age of 70, the fastest bone loss. High peak bone, his bone calcium containing high occurrence of osteoporosis in old age after a lesser extent, time later. Therefore, before the age of 40 who should grasp the opportunity to ensure adequate nutrition and daily calcium intake, and actively participate in physical exercise, strive to improve their peak bone mass.
23. 25 grams per person per day is appropriate
cooking oil is best to use vegetable oil, vegetable oils that contain heart-healthy unsaturated fatty acids more. The oil heat is relatively high, so dosage should not be too much, otherwise the excess calories will translate into body fat, fat people.
24. the amount of salt a day not more than 6 grams of salt
is an important risk factor of hypertension, heavy taste of the people should pay particular attention. The amount of salt per day should also include soy sauce, pickles, salted egg and so the salt content.
25.
eat 400-500 grams of vegetables per day more than half of the vegetables should be useful for colored vegetables such as green leafy vegetables, red and yellow vegetables. Vegetables rich in vitamins, minerals, fiber, calories and low.
26. daily calcium intake: 600-800 mg of healthy adults
calcium recommended by the Chinese Nutrition Society of supply: Adult 600-800 mg / day, pregnant women, 1,200 mg / day, nursing mothers, 2,000 mg / day. Milk and dairy products rich in calcium, the absorption rate. Aquatic products, shrimp, seaweed, soy products more calcium. To promote the absorption of calcium, vitamin D should be appropriate and more sun.
27.
more than 1500 milliliters of water per day of drinking water, including daily intake of tea, soup, fruit and other foods of the total water content. Very particular way of drinking water, drinking water, thirsty mouth, not a lot of water, should drink boiled water or tea, do not use sugary drinks instead of water.
28. stroke rehabilitation best time: 3 days after cerebral infarction, cerebral hemorrhage 5-7 days
So far, at home and abroad have not a drug rehabilitation of hemiplegia has a decisive role, the only way to improve the rehabilitation of stroke patients is an effective way dysfunction. Hemiplegia in stroke patients, far better than the effect of rehabilitation medicine, rehabilitation training for the more scientific the more perfect the sooner, the greater the chance of recovery.
29. alanyl transaminase (GPT or ALT) normal range <40 IU / l
elevated alanine aminotransferase more than suggest the presence of liver damage, such as acute and chronic viral hepatitis, drug-induced hepatitis and alcoholic liver cirrhosis, etc., should go to the hospital in time.
30. Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) <25 μg / L (also refer to the normal laboratory reference values on the list)
AFP is synthesized by the liver in early fetal a glycoprotein after birth, AFP synthesis soon inhibited when the malignant liver cells, the blood was significantly higher in AFP.
AFP rise, especially in slightly higher than normal, it does not necessarily mean suffering from cancer, should be dynamic observation was not to panic.
31. Stroke (stroke) thrombolytic time window:
3 hours after the onset of cerebral infarction occurred, if we can be given within 3 hours after onset of intravenous thrombolytic therapy, to maximize blood vessel blockage and save the dying brain cells, reduce the incidence of complications and sequelae once missed this time window, thrombolysis is almost invalid.
elderly stroke if symptoms appear suddenly (such as numbness on one side clumsy aphasia, blurred vision, etc.), do not neglect, should immediately go to hospital for treatment to buy time.
32.18-45 years, myopia myopia <1200 degree: It can be myopic excimer laser surgery
the age of 18 years of age; myopia unstable trend in recent years, there are still better year by year; myopia> 1200 degrees; eye to have active disease (such as inflammation, glaucoma, dry eye, etc. ); central corneal thickness <450 microns; there are other serious eye diseases (such as keratoconus, etc.); have autoimmune diseases, diabetes and severe physical scars, etc., can not become myopic excimer laser surgery.
33.B ultrasound: 40 years of age, with an annual
ultrasound non-invasive, no radiation, convenient and accurate, and not only the stones, cysts, fatty liver and other common diseases, but also early detection of a these tumors. Limited by the nature of ultrasonic weakness, ultrasound is more suitable for solid organ, such as the liver, spleen, kidney, etc., are generally not suitable for gas-bearing organs (such as the stomach) and skeletal systems.
34. Mammography: women over 40 years of age, check once a year
breast mammography for breast disease, especially in the diagnosis of early breast cancer have a higher value than the clinical examination will be outside as Imaging diagnostic method of choice. Family history and other risk factors, using coal from the age of 35 received a mammography examination. According to medical advice after 40 years due to increase inspections.
35 young women under the age of dense breast tissue, breast mammography difficult to find lesions, we recommend ultrasound as a means of early diagnosis of breast cancer.
35. bone mineral density testing: women 45 years of age, men over 55 years: measured once a year
of people over age 60 the prevalence of osteoporosis in women 30% -35%, men 10 % -20%. Bone stretch their legs on the human health hazards are many, such as the cause back pain, she is shorter, kyphosis, and fractures.
currently the best bone density testing equipment is dual-energy X ray absorptiometry, commonly known as bone densitometer. Bone density can be measured lumbar spine, proximal femur or whole body bone bone mass, can accurately reflect the situation of bone loss. We should take good care of the annual measurement data, and with his first bone mineral density measured values (initial data) compared to bone loss in control of your situation every year, once the bone mineral density to achieve the standards of osteoporosis, need under the guidance of a doctor regular medication, to maximize bone density and prevent fractures.
36. expected date of calculation: date of last menstrual period or minus 3 plus 9 months for pre-production period for the year; plus 7 days, as the number of expected date of childbirth.
Since each menstrual cycle vary in length, so the calculated expected date of birth and birth date may be 1-2 weeks of the error.
37. antenatal check: 9 Best
addition trimester of pregnancy should be checked first to determine, but since the second trimester until term pregnancy, prenatal care is about 9 times. Generally 20 weeks -36 weeks pregnant, once every 4 weeks; pregnancy after 36 weeks, weekly inspections. Check the time were 9, 20 weeks, 24 weeks, 28 weeks, 32 weeks, 36 weeks, 37 weeks, 38 weeks, 39 weeks, 40 weeks. Regular prenatal care usually 9, but with certain risk factors, pregnant women, may need to increase or decrease the frequency of inspections at any time and projects.
38. pregnancy weight gain should not be more than 15 kg
pre-pregnancy normal weight women, weight gain during pregnancy can increase 11.25-15 kg. Pre-pregnancy underweight women, pregnancy can increase the 2.6-18 kg body weight. Emphasis on pre-pregnancy weight women, weight gain during pregnancy should be some control for 6.75-11.25 kg. Weight gain during pregnancy may affect fetal growth rate and body weight. Dirty house too much weight during pregnancy more quickly, a huge children will not only increase the incidence of postpartum weight loss will also increase the difficulty. Conversely, if the weight is too small, it will affect the normal growth and development of the fetus.
39. pregnant drug use: 5-10 weeks after stopping medication in pregnancy by the most dangerous
the first 2 weeks, the fertilized egg receives the influence of drugs if there are two possible outcomes: one is the spontaneous abortion; the other is self-repair the damage eggs and continue to develop into a normal fetus. Therefore, if pregnant women are not accidentally served a drug at this stage, you can take wait and see, go with the flow attitude. However, 3-8 weeks after conception (ie, menopause, 5-10) weeks, embryonic organ differentiation is a crucial stage of development at this time if the exposure to harmful substances, teratogenic fetal organs may be so. As the impact of drugs on the fetus Da Duoshuo are concentrated in the first trimester, but this time there are many pregnant women 相当 not know that it is pregnant, to ensure safe, expectant mothers were pregnant in the preparation stage should start thinking about drug safety issues.
40. full-term: 37 weeks gestation were less
42 weeks preterm birth: pregnancy over 28 weeks to 37 weeks of discontent among parturition. Production date: pregnancy 42 weeks or more than 42 weeks parturition. 38 weeks pregnant when the production has not yet reached pre-production period (40 weeks pregnant), are also considered full-term production.
41. birth weight: 2500-4000 grams
normal birth weight was 4,000 grams, said the great children. Huge children will not only increase the rate of dystocia, cesarean section rate, and excessive weight gain during pregnancy, pregnant women will feel discomfort, higher incidence of complications during pregnancy and postpartum to lose the excess weight is also very difficult. Children include low birth weight and small for gestational age in preterm children. These children because of In order to eliminate this
42. newborns length: 50 cm
full-term children about the first year after the birth of the fastest growing tall, the annual increase of approximately 25 cm. 1 year old slow growth, the annual increase of approximately 10 cm. After 2 years of age increased more slowly, with an average annual rate of 5 cm. Formula in children 2-3 years old Height: Height = Age * 6 +77 cm. If the 2-year-old child's height in a year how virtually no increase should be vigilant, as soon as possible bring the child to hospital for examination, rule out growth hormone deficiency, hypothyroidism, and other issues.
43. deciduous teeth eruption: 6 months, its first eruption of deciduous teeth in children is generally
6-7 months, may have as early as 4 months, the latest not more than 10 months. A total of 20 teeth, no later than 2 years and a half a homogeneous, permanent teeth begin to grow at 6 years of age. November-old baby is not teething, or baby teeth are not more than two and a half as both a homogeneous abnormal reasons should be identified. Cretinism, rickets, malnutrition in children with teeth later.
44. Orthodontic claims of foreign physicians to begin treatment from 4 years of age Deciduous period
45. precocious puberty: girls 8 years of age before the beginning of breast development or menstruation occurs before 10 years of age, 9 year old boy appeared before the penis and testicles increase
addition to organic disease (brain tumor) to be caused by precocious puberty treatment for primary disease, the most precocious of children harm is not grow, because the hormone secretion in advance will allow early closure of bone. In addition, from a social point of view, children will bring about precocious children ventral psychological impact. Nutrition, blind tonic led to the current 儿童性早熟 more and more important reason. Parents to refrain from fear of children, inadequate nutrition, and continue to make the child nutrition disorder, you eat supplements to avoid
46. amblyopia: amblyopia corrected visual acuity ≤ 0.8
an eye examination no abnormal lesions, but the eye corrected visual acuity less than 0.8. Amblyopes without sound stereo vision and must not be engaged in fine work. Efficacy of amblyopia are closely related with age. ,4-6 years old is generally believed that the best time for treatment, efficacy decreases after the age of 12, adult basic no cure possible. Since the appearance of amblyopia in children with normal eyes of children the same, difficult to detect abnormalities observed alone, it is recommended children over 4 years of visual acuity to the hospital regularly for early detection of amblyopia.
47. Pediatric Cryptorchidism: the latest operation not later than 4 years old
cryptorchid testis is a common congenital anomaly, the patient's side or the testes not descending properly into the scrotum, if not early treatment, will result in infertility or testicular cancer and other serious problems. Early treatment of cryptorchidism to present ideas. Cryptorchidism within 1 year of age, should be patient and observe and wait for the natural decline; cryptorchidism after 1 year of age, you should first carry out medical treatment, if the poor efficacy, surgery may be imposed. Most experts believe that 1-2 years after birth to do the best cryptorchid surgery, the latest not more than 4 years of age.
48. coronary artery stenosis> 70% of the intervention to be done
generally believed that coronary artery stenosis 70%, you need to do intervention if obvious symptoms, stenosis> 50% of the intervention should be done In addition, some special circumstances, such as interventional treatment of coronary artery stenosis is not enough standard, but image Studies show lesions form unstable, prone to thrombosis should also be an early interventional treatment.
two or more coronary artery stenosis> 50%, or received treatment of coronary angioplasty and coronary stent installed in the recurrence of angina, bypass surgery should be accepted.
49. About 60 decibels of hearing loss, wearing hearing aids best.
General, unilateral or mild hearing loss without hearing loss to wear hearing aids; 35 ~ 85 dB hearing loss, it is recommended to use hearing aids; hearing loss> 85 dB who, hearing aids could increase the volume, but because of the low rate of patients with speech recognition, no practical value.
hearing loss in the elderly should go to the hospital for hearing tests, the doctors determine the need for matching aids
50.30 times radionuclide check = 1 X-ray film
check the heart lung digestive tract of thyroid regular use of such diseases to the radionuclide, is a peaceful use of nuclear energy technology, with a certain radiation, many patients worry so in fact quite the examination, subjects suffered in accepting the check The radiation dose X-ray taken only 1 / 30, will not have any impact on health.
healthy adults, heart rate 75 beats per minute on average. Normal range 60-100 times per minute. Adult resting heart rate over 100 beats / min, for tachycardia; less than 60 beats / min were as bradycardia. Heart rate may be due to age, gender and other factors change, such as the temperature is increased by 1 ℃, heart rate, speed up 12-20 times / minute, heart rate than men, women slightly faster heart rate, slow heart rate of athletes may be less than 60 per minute inferior.
2. normal body temperature: 36.3 ℃ -37.2 ℃ (port measurement method)
oral temperature is usually clinical, rectal temperatures and axillary temperatures to represent the body temperature. Port measurement method (under the tongue for 5 minutes) normal to 36.3 ℃ -37.2 ℃; axillary measurement method (axillary clamping for 5 minutes) is 36 ℃ -37 ℃; anal measurement method (header coating lubricant into the anus 5 minutes) was 36.5 ℃ -37.7 ℃. In a day and night, the cyclical fluctuations in body temperature, usually the lowest at 2-6 early in the morning, afternoon, when the top 13-18, but the fluctuations of not more than 1 ℃. As long as the temperature does not exceed 37.3 ℃, even if normal.
3. hemoglobin (HbB): adult male (120-160 g / l), adult female (110-150 g / l)
clinical anemia with hemoglobin values Suketame basis for judging. Normal adult hemoglobin 90-110 g / l mild anemia; 60-90 g / l moderate anemia; 30-60 g / L is a severe anemia.
reasons or different types of anemia, anemia treatment different if it is found, should go to hospital for treatment of anemia in the clear cause (primary or secondary) and type (iron deficiency or megaloblastic), the re- Targeted therapy to refrain from buying their own line of blood health care products, so as not to delay treatment.
4. white blood cell count (WBC) :4-10 * (10 9 th) a / l
white blood cell count greater than 10 * (10 9 th) a / l said leukocytosis, less than 4 * (10 9 th) a / l, said leukopenia. Generally speaking, acute bacterial infection or inflammation, white blood cells can be increased; virus infection, white blood cells will be reduced. Cold, fever caused by viral infection, can also be caused by bacterial infection, is a clear etiology, clinical treatment, doctors usually let you go to check a blood count.
5. platelet count (PLT) :100-300 * (10 9 th) a / l
platelets function to maintain the integrity of the vessel wall. When the platelet count decreased to 50 * (10 9 th) a / l or less, particularly as low as 30 * (10 9 th) a / l, it may cause bleeding, there may be blood spots on the skin ecchymosis. Low platelets do not often appear on the skin, treatment, a clear reason.
6. urine :1000-2000 ml /
24 小时 24-hour urine volume> 2500 ml as more urine. Physiological polyuria or applications found in drinking too much after diuretics. Pathological polyuria seen in diabetes mellitus, diabetes insipidus, renal tubular disease.
24 小时 urine output <400 ml as oliguria, more common in drinking water is too small renal insufficiency, dehydration and so on.
24 小时 urine output <100 ml to no urine, common in renal failure, shock and other serious diseases.
If you feel the recent significant increase in urine volume, particularly thirsty, should go to hospital for examination, rule out whether they have diabetes or renal disease, if found themselves drinking a lot recently, but less than normal urine, the body still a little swollen, should be checked in time, rule out kidney disease.
7. 24 小时 nocturnal urine volume: 500 ml
enuresis refers to 8 pm to 8 am next morning the total urine output, usually 500 ml, urine 2-3 times. If the nocturnal urine volume of more than during the day, and significantly increased frequency of urination, a nocturnal increase. Nocturia increased with physiological water before going to bed too much about; pathological nocturia increased concentration of renal impairment often the performance is the early signs of renal dysfunction. In addition to renal dysfunction other than nocturia may also be an increase in prostate hyperplasia, uterine prolapse in older women, urinary tract infections, diabetes, mental stress and other reasons.
8. urinary red blood cell count (RBC) :0-3 normal / high power field
urine red blood cells> 3 / high power field, known as microscopic hematuria.
red blood cells in urine> 10 / high power field, called gross hematuria.
public medical advise: urine, if more than 3 red blood cell count, often prompted to kidney disease or urinary tract infection should seek medical treatment immediately to avoid the menstrual period women should check urine, blood mixed with urine in order to avoid affect test results.
9. Urinary white blood cell count (WBC) normal: <5 / high power field of urinary white blood cell count
if> 5 / high power field, said the microscopic pyuria. If a large number of white blood cells in urine, mostly for urinary tract infections, such as pyelonephritis, renal tuberculosis, cystitis or urinary tract infection. Mostly urinary tract infection,
10. Sperm survival time: 72 hours. Egg survival time: 24 hours.
unsafe rhythm rhythm problems encountered, in addition to ovulation wrong, there is the factor that can not be ignored: the sperm in the female body can survive for 3 days, so even than the day of ovulation, Just by being affected by pregnancy (4 days before ovulation to 2 days after ovulation), women are still likely to become pregnant.
11. Two blood group systems: ABO and Rh
ABO blood group system in the blood is divided into 4 types: A type, B-, AB-and O-. Rh blood group blood group system will be divided into two types: Rh-positive type and Rh-negative type. In Caucasians, 85% of Rh-positive blood type, Rh negative blood type 15%. In China, 99% of people are Rh positive blood type, Rh negative blood are rare.
AA: A, O; AB: A, B, O, AB; A-AB: A, B, AB; AO: A, O
BB: B, O; B-AB: A, B , AB; BO: B, O; O-AB: A, B
OO: O; AB-AB: A, B, AB AB type of a person if the two sides, the baby can not be O-. If both sides are O, then the baby can only be O-.
12. body mass index (BMI) = weight (kg) / height (meters squared) :18.5-23.9 is normal
If the body mass index over 24, that is too fat, you need to lose weight. Remember: Obesity is the source of all diseases, if left unchecked, diabetes, coronary heart disease high blood pressure will find you.
13. body mass index, the best weight loss rate: 1-2 kg weight loss per month
overweight people should lose weight gradually under the guidance of doctors. To lose weight too fast, too fast can cause weight rebound, anorexia, anemia, malnutrition, irregular menstruation, hair loss, memory loss, bone stretch their legs and other adverse reactions.
14. waist circumference: men ≥ 90 cm, women ≥ 80 cm for waist circumference, abdominal obesity
is to determine abdominal fat accumulation, several abdominal obesity (also called Abdominal obesity is now considered a coronary heart disease, important risk factors for metabolic syndrome. If you have not yet reached the degree of obesity body mass index, but waist circumference has been exceeded, that you belong to abdominal obesity. Abdominal obesity than body fat are more dangerous, more susceptible to coronary heart disease, diabetes, a
15. fat signal: 1.5 kg
month weight gain weight just started up in the The following conditions, often suggestive of trends in weight gain: a little movement out of breath, sense of powerlessness of fatigue, sweating at every turn, there lower back, hip and knee pain.
16. blood pressure: systolic blood pressure normal blood pressure range in the 90-140mmHg (12.0-18.7kpa) between the diastolic blood pressure 60-90mmHg (8.0-12.0kpa)
between ; higher than this range may be high blood pressure or borderline high blood pressure, lower than this range may be low blood pressure.
in the quiet of antihypertensive drugs is not the case with the measured blood pressure, at least three times and found that systolic blood pressure 140 mm Hg (or) diastolic blood pressure 90 mm Hg, can be diagnosed with high blood pressure. Systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mm Hg, but diastolic blood pressure
However, the latest standard of systolic blood pressure between one hundred and twenty to one hundred thirty-nine mm Hg, or diastolic blood pressure ranged from eighty to eighty-nine mm Hg people , has been regarded as likely to develop hypertension at high risk.
Hypertension is an important cardiovascular disease risk factors, high blood pressure should be applied under the guidance of doctors to antihypertensive drugs in the normal range of blood pressure control, diabetes, kidney disease, the best blood pressure control of 130/80 mmHg.
17. diagnostic criteria for diabetes: fasting blood glucose> 7.0 mmol / l, and (or) 2-hour postprandial blood glucose> 11.1 mmol / l
If you meet the above criteria, they have been in patients with diabetes should be under the guidance of glucose in the treatment of a doctor, do not because of diabetes, If you do not properly control blood sugar, 全身各器官 will be involved.
18. Diabetes exclusion criteria: fasting plasma glucose> 6.1 mmol / l, and (or) 2-hour postprandial blood glucose> 7.8 mmol / l
19. pre-diabetes diagnostic criteria: 6.1 mmol / l 11.1 mmol / l higher than normal blood glucose levels if
, but has not yet reached the diagnostic criteria of diabetes, that are in pre-diabetes , if not alert, do not actively intervene in, and soon will develop diabetes.
20. warning signs of diabetes: fasting plasma glucose> 5.6 mmol / l
when fasting glucose exceeds the standards, the incidence of diabetes will increase significantly, ischemic heart disease and other cardiovascular time and the incidence of diabetic retinopathy significantly increased.
fasting plasma glucose> 5.6 mmol / l who shall go hospital to check a glucose tolerance test (OGTT), to determine whether postprandial hyperglycemia because in the early stage of diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance phase, fasting blood glucose can be completely normal.
21. glycated hemoglobin ≤ 6.5%
normal glycated hemoglobin is hemoglobin within red blood cells and glucose combined with the product, to reflect the first three months of blood micro-billion pounds in a blood glucose level, is reflected in good blood sugar control bad most effective, most reliable indicators. Patients should be ≤ 7.0% glycated hemoglobin as a treatment for one of the standards compliance, the elderly can be slightly relaxed criteria (7.0% -7.5%), glycosylated hemoglobin of young people should be controlled at ≤ 6.5% or less. For every 1% decline in glycated hemoglobin, diabetes-related complications can be reduced by 20%.
22. the highest density of :30-40-year-old
every man the highest bone mineral density (peak bone mass) in a period of generally 30-40 years old, by nutrition after birth, developmental and genetic factors, high and low peak bone mass. Men generally start at age 40, women are starting from 35 years of age, peak bone mass began to decline 5 years post-menopausal women, men after the age of 70, the fastest bone loss. High peak bone, his bone calcium containing high occurrence of osteoporosis in old age after a lesser extent, time later. Therefore, before the age of 40 who should grasp the opportunity to ensure adequate nutrition and daily calcium intake, and actively participate in physical exercise, strive to improve their peak bone mass.
23. 25 grams per person per day is appropriate
cooking oil is best to use vegetable oil, vegetable oils that contain heart-healthy unsaturated fatty acids more. The oil heat is relatively high, so dosage should not be too much, otherwise the excess calories will translate into body fat, fat people.
24. the amount of salt a day not more than 6 grams of salt
is an important risk factor of hypertension, heavy taste of the people should pay particular attention. The amount of salt per day should also include soy sauce, pickles, salted egg and so the salt content.
25.
eat 400-500 grams of vegetables per day more than half of the vegetables should be useful for colored vegetables such as green leafy vegetables, red and yellow vegetables. Vegetables rich in vitamins, minerals, fiber, calories and low.
26. daily calcium intake: 600-800 mg of healthy adults
calcium recommended by the Chinese Nutrition Society of supply: Adult 600-800 mg / day, pregnant women, 1,200 mg / day, nursing mothers, 2,000 mg / day. Milk and dairy products rich in calcium, the absorption rate. Aquatic products, shrimp, seaweed, soy products more calcium. To promote the absorption of calcium, vitamin D should be appropriate and more sun.
27.
more than 1500 milliliters of water per day of drinking water, including daily intake of tea, soup, fruit and other foods of the total water content. Very particular way of drinking water, drinking water, thirsty mouth, not a lot of water, should drink boiled water or tea, do not use sugary drinks instead of water.
28. stroke rehabilitation best time: 3 days after cerebral infarction, cerebral hemorrhage 5-7 days
So far, at home and abroad have not a drug rehabilitation of hemiplegia has a decisive role, the only way to improve the rehabilitation of stroke patients is an effective way dysfunction. Hemiplegia in stroke patients, far better than the effect of rehabilitation medicine, rehabilitation training for the more scientific the more perfect the sooner, the greater the chance of recovery.
29. alanyl transaminase (GPT or ALT) normal range <40 IU / l
elevated alanine aminotransferase more than suggest the presence of liver damage, such as acute and chronic viral hepatitis, drug-induced hepatitis and alcoholic liver cirrhosis, etc., should go to the hospital in time.
30. Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) <25 μg / L (also refer to the normal laboratory reference values on the list)
AFP is synthesized by the liver in early fetal a glycoprotein after birth, AFP synthesis soon inhibited when the malignant liver cells, the blood was significantly higher in AFP.
AFP rise, especially in slightly higher than normal, it does not necessarily mean suffering from cancer, should be dynamic observation was not to panic.
31. Stroke (stroke) thrombolytic time window:
3 hours after the onset of cerebral infarction occurred, if we can be given within 3 hours after onset of intravenous thrombolytic therapy, to maximize blood vessel blockage and save the dying brain cells, reduce the incidence of complications and sequelae once missed this time window, thrombolysis is almost invalid.
elderly stroke if symptoms appear suddenly (such as numbness on one side clumsy aphasia, blurred vision, etc.), do not neglect, should immediately go to hospital for treatment to buy time.
32.18-45 years, myopia myopia <1200 degree: It can be myopic excimer laser surgery
the age of 18 years of age; myopia unstable trend in recent years, there are still better year by year; myopia> 1200 degrees; eye to have active disease (such as inflammation, glaucoma, dry eye, etc. ); central corneal thickness <450 microns; there are other serious eye diseases (such as keratoconus, etc.); have autoimmune diseases, diabetes and severe physical scars, etc., can not become myopic excimer laser surgery.
33.B ultrasound: 40 years of age, with an annual
ultrasound non-invasive, no radiation, convenient and accurate, and not only the stones, cysts, fatty liver and other common diseases, but also early detection of a these tumors. Limited by the nature of ultrasonic weakness, ultrasound is more suitable for solid organ, such as the liver, spleen, kidney, etc., are generally not suitable for gas-bearing organs (such as the stomach) and skeletal systems.
34. Mammography: women over 40 years of age, check once a year
breast mammography for breast disease, especially in the diagnosis of early breast cancer have a higher value than the clinical examination will be outside as Imaging diagnostic method of choice. Family history and other risk factors, using coal from the age of 35 received a mammography examination. According to medical advice after 40 years due to increase inspections.
35 young women under the age of dense breast tissue, breast mammography difficult to find lesions, we recommend ultrasound as a means of early diagnosis of breast cancer.
35. bone mineral density testing: women 45 years of age, men over 55 years: measured once a year
of people over age 60 the prevalence of osteoporosis in women 30% -35%, men 10 % -20%. Bone stretch their legs on the human health hazards are many, such as the cause back pain, she is shorter, kyphosis, and fractures.
currently the best bone density testing equipment is dual-energy X ray absorptiometry, commonly known as bone densitometer. Bone density can be measured lumbar spine, proximal femur or whole body bone bone mass, can accurately reflect the situation of bone loss. We should take good care of the annual measurement data, and with his first bone mineral density measured values (initial data) compared to bone loss in control of your situation every year, once the bone mineral density to achieve the standards of osteoporosis, need under the guidance of a doctor regular medication, to maximize bone density and prevent fractures.
36. expected date of calculation: date of last menstrual period or minus 3 plus 9 months for pre-production period for the year; plus 7 days, as the number of expected date of childbirth.
Since each menstrual cycle vary in length, so the calculated expected date of birth and birth date may be 1-2 weeks of the error.
37. antenatal check: 9 Best
addition trimester of pregnancy should be checked first to determine, but since the second trimester until term pregnancy, prenatal care is about 9 times. Generally 20 weeks -36 weeks pregnant, once every 4 weeks; pregnancy after 36 weeks, weekly inspections. Check the time were 9, 20 weeks, 24 weeks, 28 weeks, 32 weeks, 36 weeks, 37 weeks, 38 weeks, 39 weeks, 40 weeks. Regular prenatal care usually 9, but with certain risk factors, pregnant women, may need to increase or decrease the frequency of inspections at any time and projects.
38. pregnancy weight gain should not be more than 15 kg
pre-pregnancy normal weight women, weight gain during pregnancy can increase 11.25-15 kg. Pre-pregnancy underweight women, pregnancy can increase the 2.6-18 kg body weight. Emphasis on pre-pregnancy weight women, weight gain during pregnancy should be some control for 6.75-11.25 kg. Weight gain during pregnancy may affect fetal growth rate and body weight. Dirty house too much weight during pregnancy more quickly, a huge children will not only increase the incidence of postpartum weight loss will also increase the difficulty. Conversely, if the weight is too small, it will affect the normal growth and development of the fetus.
39. pregnant drug use: 5-10 weeks after stopping medication in pregnancy by the most dangerous
the first 2 weeks, the fertilized egg receives the influence of drugs if there are two possible outcomes: one is the spontaneous abortion; the other is self-repair the damage eggs and continue to develop into a normal fetus. Therefore, if pregnant women are not accidentally served a drug at this stage, you can take wait and see, go with the flow attitude. However, 3-8 weeks after conception (ie, menopause, 5-10) weeks, embryonic organ differentiation is a crucial stage of development at this time if the exposure to harmful substances, teratogenic fetal organs may be so. As the impact of drugs on the fetus Da Duoshuo are concentrated in the first trimester, but this time there are many pregnant women 相当 not know that it is pregnant, to ensure safe, expectant mothers were pregnant in the preparation stage should start thinking about drug safety issues.
40. full-term: 37 weeks gestation were less
42 weeks preterm birth: pregnancy over 28 weeks to 37 weeks of discontent among parturition. Production date: pregnancy 42 weeks or more than 42 weeks parturition. 38 weeks pregnant when the production has not yet reached pre-production period (40 weeks pregnant), are also considered full-term production.
41. birth weight: 2500-4000 grams
normal birth weight was 4,000 grams, said the great children. Huge children will not only increase the rate of dystocia, cesarean section rate, and excessive weight gain during pregnancy, pregnant women will feel discomfort, higher incidence of complications during pregnancy and postpartum to lose the excess weight is also very difficult. Children include low birth weight and small for gestational age in preterm children. These children because of In order to eliminate this
42. newborns length: 50 cm
full-term children about the first year after the birth of the fastest growing tall, the annual increase of approximately 25 cm. 1 year old slow growth, the annual increase of approximately 10 cm. After 2 years of age increased more slowly, with an average annual rate of 5 cm. Formula in children 2-3 years old Height: Height = Age * 6 +77 cm. If the 2-year-old child's height in a year how virtually no increase should be vigilant, as soon as possible bring the child to hospital for examination, rule out growth hormone deficiency, hypothyroidism, and other issues.
43. deciduous teeth eruption: 6 months, its first eruption of deciduous teeth in children is generally
6-7 months, may have as early as 4 months, the latest not more than 10 months. A total of 20 teeth, no later than 2 years and a half a homogeneous, permanent teeth begin to grow at 6 years of age. November-old baby is not teething, or baby teeth are not more than two and a half as both a homogeneous abnormal reasons should be identified. Cretinism, rickets, malnutrition in children with teeth later.
44. Orthodontic claims of foreign physicians to begin treatment from 4 years of age Deciduous period
45. precocious puberty: girls 8 years of age before the beginning of breast development or menstruation occurs before 10 years of age, 9 year old boy appeared before the penis and testicles increase
addition to organic disease (brain tumor) to be caused by precocious puberty treatment for primary disease, the most precocious of children harm is not grow, because the hormone secretion in advance will allow early closure of bone. In addition, from a social point of view, children will bring about precocious children ventral psychological impact. Nutrition, blind tonic led to the current 儿童性早熟 more and more important reason. Parents to refrain from fear of children, inadequate nutrition, and continue to make the child nutrition disorder, you eat supplements to avoid
46. amblyopia: amblyopia corrected visual acuity ≤ 0.8
an eye examination no abnormal lesions, but the eye corrected visual acuity less than 0.8. Amblyopes without sound stereo vision and must not be engaged in fine work. Efficacy of amblyopia are closely related with age. ,4-6 years old is generally believed that the best time for treatment, efficacy decreases after the age of 12, adult basic no cure possible. Since the appearance of amblyopia in children with normal eyes of children the same, difficult to detect abnormalities observed alone, it is recommended children over 4 years of visual acuity to the hospital regularly for early detection of amblyopia.
47. Pediatric Cryptorchidism: the latest operation not later than 4 years old
cryptorchid testis is a common congenital anomaly, the patient's side or the testes not descending properly into the scrotum, if not early treatment, will result in infertility or testicular cancer and other serious problems. Early treatment of cryptorchidism to present ideas. Cryptorchidism within 1 year of age, should be patient and observe and wait for the natural decline; cryptorchidism after 1 year of age, you should first carry out medical treatment, if the poor efficacy, surgery may be imposed. Most experts believe that 1-2 years after birth to do the best cryptorchid surgery, the latest not more than 4 years of age.
48. coronary artery stenosis> 70% of the intervention to be done
generally believed that coronary artery stenosis 70%, you need to do intervention if obvious symptoms, stenosis> 50% of the intervention should be done In addition, some special circumstances, such as interventional treatment of coronary artery stenosis is not enough standard, but image Studies show lesions form unstable, prone to thrombosis should also be an early interventional treatment.
two or more coronary artery stenosis> 50%, or received treatment of coronary angioplasty and coronary stent installed in the recurrence of angina, bypass surgery should be accepted.
49. About 60 decibels of hearing loss, wearing hearing aids best.
General, unilateral or mild hearing loss without hearing loss to wear hearing aids; 35 ~ 85 dB hearing loss, it is recommended to use hearing aids; hearing loss> 85 dB who, hearing aids could increase the volume, but because of the low rate of patients with speech recognition, no practical value.
hearing loss in the elderly should go to the hospital for hearing tests, the doctors determine the need for matching aids
50.30 times radionuclide check = 1 X-ray film
check the heart lung digestive tract of thyroid regular use of such diseases to the radionuclide, is a peaceful use of nuclear energy technology, with a certain radiation, many patients worry so in fact quite the examination, subjects suffered in accepting the check The radiation dose X-ray taken only 1 / 30, will not have any impact on health.
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